Location-Based Services (LBSs) are systems that deliver information based on the location of people or devices [54].
Some LBSs go a step further in delivering valuable services by using the users' location to infer additional information about the area.
To get there, existing IMSs track users' whereabouts so that they may be taken into account during management operations.
An LBS may be either person-oriented or device-oriented, depending on the emphasis of services.
The emphasis on applications in the person-oriented approach exploits a person's position to improve service.
A friend-finder application is an example of an LBS that fits this concept.
Device-oriented LBSs, on the other hand, may concentrate on a person's location but do not need it.
Objects such as vehicles in navigation systems might also be found using this method.
There are two types of application designs: push and pull services, in addition to this categorization.
Users obtain information through push services without having to explicitly request it.
Pull services, on the other hand, imply that users actively seek for information.
The majority of early location services were pull services, however push services have gained prominence in particular areas in recent years.
The ubiquitous computer paradigm evolved in the early 1990s, aided by the location information supplied by the mobile paradigm.
Weiser [55] used the term "pervasive" to describe the seamless integration of electronics into consumers' daily lives.
The invisibility or full disappearance of computer technology from the user's viewpoint, the number of users and computing resources that form the environment and the system's scalability, and context-awareness were the key aims of ubiquitous computing.
People were prioritized above computer devices and technological difficulties in the ubiquitous paradigm.
LBSs offered the users' movement records, which were critical pieces of information for this paradigm.
IMSs took into account not just the users' location, but also information about their lives.
Because ubiquitous computing is still a highly active and dynamic topic, the pace of penetration into daily life varies greatly depending on technological and nontechnical aspects including infrastructure, compute resources, security, and economics.
The ubiquitous computing paradigm [55] is built on the context-awareness idea [56].
Context-awareness is a mobile paradigm in which services learn about the context or environment in which users are placed and adjust their behavior based on that knowledge without requiring users to engage.
It's vital to note that consumers don't engage with context-aware systems, but they do agree to their data being collected and managed.
Context-aware solutions rely on location-based systems to determine the users' position and acquire data about the people, objects, and factors that make up the context or environment in which they are situated.
There are various definitions of context in the literature.
Schilit et al. [57] were the first to publish one in 1994. They defined context as location, adjacent people's identities, things, and changes in those items.
Following that, other writers added additional elements such as identity and time (Ryan et al. [58]), emotional states and focus of attention (Dey [59]), context dimensions (Prekop and Burnett [60]), and any environmental data (Gustavsen [61]).
(Tajd and Ngantchaha [62]). Previous solutions' advancements have added to the complexity of the information management process.
This fact suggests an increase in the amount of data evaluated during management processes, and hence an increase in the complexity of such procedures.
Furthermore, the security of location information is a vital factor to consider.
In another scenario, users' whereabouts may be recorded without their knowledge or agreement, and this information could be used maliciously.
One example of this circumstance may be the ability to determine a user's present position in order to determine whether or not he or she is at home.
It is now necessary to regulate not just the privacy of location information, as in location-based services, but also other sensitive pieces of information about the users' lives.
In the other situation, and continuing with the previous example, it would be feasible to determine not only if a certain user is at home, but also his or her identity, whether he or she is married, his or her emails, and other details about his or her personal life.
The quantity of heterogeneous bits of information maintained by the context-aware paradigm is quite large, as mentioned by the preceding definitions of context.
This fact has been affected by the transition from established paradigms to new ones.
For starters, the mobile paradigm included user and element location into IMS management procedures.
Pervasive systems later integrated additional key aspects of the users' lives, such as their identities, emails, alerts, and information about smart places.
Finally, the combination of information regarding the context in which users are positioned with information considered by earlier paradigms has enhanced the complexity of management operations.
Figure depicts the development of IMSs through time, taking into account the effect of new emerging paradigms and the most representative bits of data that they typically handle.
Due to the fact that a significant portion of this data is sensitive or private, contemporary IMSs must take into account the privacy of this data.
In this regard, further research on automated techniques for safeguarding the privacy of sensitive data handled during IMS management activities is required.
Otherwise, malevolent people might have access to additional information about a certain user's life.
Context-awareness is a paradigm that may be useful in a variety of situations, including network administration.
Contextual information may be used by network managers to manage network resources dynamically by adjusting their behavior to the network state.
The location of connected devices and network resources, the types of devices connected to the network infrastructure, and the network's status and statistics have all been identified as valuable pieces of context information that network administrators should consider before making management decisions.
These options might range from reconfiguring a network component that isn't being utilized in an energy-efficient manner to deploying additional resources in a specific location to assure the QoS of certain users.
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