Analog Space Missions: Earth-Bound Training for Cosmic Exploration

What are Analog Space Missions?

Analog space missions are a unique approach to space exploration, involving the simulation of extraterrestrial environments on Earth. These missions offer a valuable platform for scientific research, technological testing, and astronaut training, providing crucial insights into the challenges of spaceflight.

Key Features of Analog Space Missions

1. Earth-Based Simulations: These missions utilize terrestrial locations that closely resemble extraterrestrial environments, such as deserts, volcanic regions, and isolated research stations.

   

   Mars Desert Research Station

   
   

2. Controlled Environments: Simulated environments are meticulously designed to replicate specific aspects of spaceflight, including microgravity, radiation exposure, isolation, and confinement.

   

   simulated Mars habitat

   
   

3. Scientific Research: Analog missions serve as platforms for conducting experiments and studies on a wide range of topics, including human physiology, psychology, technology, and resource utilization.

4. Crew Training: These missions provide invaluable training opportunities for astronauts, allowing them to hone their skills and practice procedures in realistic conditions.

5. Technology Testing: New technologies and equipment are rigorously tested and refined in analog missions before being deployed in actual space missions.

Real-World Examples of Analog Space Missions

• NASA's HI-SEAS: This program simulates life on Mars in the remote volcanic environment of Hawaii.

  

  HISEAS habitat

  
  
• Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS): Located in the Utah desert, MDRS offers a Mars-like setting for research and training.
• European Space Agency's Concordia Station: This Antarctic research station replicates the isolation and extreme conditions of space exploration.
• ISRO's Analog Space Mission: India's space agency has recently launched its first analog space mission in Leh, Ladakh, to simulate life in an interplanetary habitat.

ISRO's Analog Space Mission: A Giant Leap for India

ISRO's analog space mission in Leh, Ladakh

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) made a significant stride in its space exploration endeavors by launching India's first analog space mission in Leh, Ladakh, on November 1, 2024. This groundbreaking initiative aims to simulate the challenges of life in an interplanetary habitat, paving the way for future human space missions.

Key Features of ISRO's Analog Mission

• Extreme Environment: The mission is conducted in the harsh, high-altitude environment of Ladakh, which offers a unique setting to replicate the challenges of extraterrestrial conditions.

Ladakh landscape

• Simulated Habitat: A specially designed habitat is set up to mimic the confined and isolated conditions of a space station or a lunar base.
• Scientific Experiments: The crew members will conduct various scientific experiments to study human physiology, psychology, and the impact of isolation on cognitive functions.
• Technological Demonstrations: The mission will also serve as a platform to test and demonstrate advanced technologies, such as life support systems, communication systems, and robotics.

Significance of ISRO's Analog Mission

• Preparing for Future Missions: By simulating the challenges of long-duration space missions, ISRO aims to gain valuable insights into human factors, technological requirements, and operational procedures.
• Developing Indigenous Capabilities: The mission will help India develop indigenous capabilities in space technology, human spaceflight, and life support systems.
• Inspiring the Next Generation: The mission will inspire young minds and encourage them to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

ISRO's analog space mission marks a significant milestone in India's space program. By undertaking such ambitious projects, India is positioning itself as a major player in the global space exploration community. As India continues to push the boundaries of space exploration, analog missions will play a crucial role in ensuring the success of future human missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

Benefits of Analog Space Missions

• Risk Mitigation: By testing technologies and procedures in controlled environments, analog missions help reduce the risks associated with actual space missions.
• Scientific Advancement: These missions contribute significantly to our understanding of the human and technological challenges of space exploration.
• Public Engagement: Analog missions inspire public interest in space exploration and STEM fields.
• International Collaboration: Analog missions often involve international cooperation, fostering scientific exchange and collaboration.

The Future of Analog Space Missions

As we venture deeper into the cosmos, analog space missions will continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of human spaceflight. By providing a realistic testing ground for technology, human factors, and operational procedures, these missions ensure the success of our ambitious endeavors.

~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan

Find Jai on Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram

You may also want to read more about space based systems here.

References

• NASA's HI-SEAS: https://www.hi-seas.org/
• Mars Desert Research Station: http://mdrs.marssociety.org/
• European Space Agency's Concordia Station: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Concordia
• ISRO's Analog Space Mission: https://www.isro.gov.in/
• NASA's Human Research Program: https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/
• ESA's Human and Robotic Exploration: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration  
• Canadian Space Agency's Human Space Flight: https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/
• Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Human Spaceflight Program: https://humans-in-space.jaxa.jp/en/
• Roscosmos' Human Spaceflight Program: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos

Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich International Sea Level Satellite.

 

The newest addition to a lengthy series of ocean-monitoring satellites, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, becomes the reference satellite for sea level measurements. 

Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, the newest US-European sea level satellite, became the official reference spacecraft for worldwide sea level observations on March 22. 

• This implies that data acquired by other satellites will be compared to Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich's information to confirm that they are accurate. 

• The satellite, which will be launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in November 2020, will carry on the nearly 30-year legacy of the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite, which began measuring sea surface height in the early 1990s. 

• Since then, a succession of successor satellites have continued the mission, the most recent of which is Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich. 

Sentinel-6B, its twin, is set to debut in 2025. 

"These missions, including Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, are the gold standard when it comes to sea level measurements, which are critical for understanding and monitoring climate change," said Josh Willis, project scientist for Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. 

Long-term sea level height measurements are essential for tracking how much and how quickly the waters are rising in a warming environment. 

"We can't lose sight of how much the sea level has risen because if we do, it'll be difficult to anticipate what will happen in the next decades," Willis warned. 

"The unprecedented precision of the sea level measurements provided by this mission ensures not only the continuity of a 30-year data record, but also allows us to better understand climate change and the impact of rising seas on coastal areas and communities," Julia Figa Saldana, ocean altimetry program manager at the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, said (EUMETSAT). 

Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich settled into orbit 30 seconds after its predecessor, Jason-3, had launched. 

Since launch, science and engineering teams have spent time ensuring sure Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich was collecting the data it was supposed to be gathering and that the data was correct. 

• Last year, some of the early data was made accessible for activities such as weather forecasting. 

• The experts decided that Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich should become the reference satellite for sea level observations following additional validation. 

Jason-3 will be moved into an interleaved orbit later this year by teams. 

• The ground track – or the strip of Earth that Jason-3's sensors observe as the satellite goes around the world – will run in between the ground tracks of Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich's consecutive orbits from that new point. 

• Although Jason-3 will no longer function as the official reference sea level satellite, it will continue to measure sea level height from its interleaved orbit. 

• However, by continuing to gather sea level data, Jason-3 will effectively quadruple the number of measurements observed by Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich on each pass, assisting in substantially improving the spatial resolution of both spacecraft' sea level measurements. 

Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich is one of two satellites that make up the Copernicus Sentinel-6/Jason-CS (Continuity of Service) project. 

It is named after former NASA Earth Science Division Director Michael Freilich. 

• Sentinel-6/Jason-CS was developed in collaboration with ESA, EUMETSAT, NASA, and NOAA, with financing from the European Commission and performance assistance from CNES (France's National Centre for Space Studies). 

• EUMETSAT is in charge of spacecraft monitoring and control, as well as the processing of all altimeter scientific data, on behalf of the EU's Copernicus program, with the help of all partner organizations. 

• The Advanced Microwave Radiometer, the Global Navigation Spacecraft System Radio Occultation, and the Laser Retroreflector Array were all donated by JPL, a subsidiary of Caltech in Pasadena, for each Sentinel-6 satellite. 

• NASA also provided launch services, ground systems to support the NASA scientific instruments' operations, science data processors for two of the sensors, and assistance for the United States' members of the international Ocean Surface Topography Science Team.

~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan

Find Jai on Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram

You may also want to read more about Space Exploration and Space Systems here.

Further Reading:

• For more about Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, click here.

To access data from Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, visit:

• https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/Sentinel-6?sections=data

• https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search?q=sentinel-6

NASA 4-Wheel DuAxel Rover To Explore Moon, Mars, And Asteroids.

 

The adaptability of a flexible rover that can travel long distances and rappel down hard-to-reach regions of scientific interest was shown in a field test in California's Mojave Desert. 

DuAxel is a pair of Axel robots intended to investigate crater walls, pits, scarps, vents, and other severe environments on the moon, Mars, and beyond. 

• The robot's capacity to split in half and dispatch one of its parts - a two-wheeled Axle robot - down an otherwise impassable hill is shown in this technological demonstration produced at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. 

• The rappelling Axel may then seek out regions to research on its own, securely navigate slopes and rough barriers, and return to dock with its other half before traveling to a new location. 

• Although the rover does not yet have a mission, essential technologies are being developed that might one day assist mankind in exploring the solar system's stony planets and moons.

DuAxel is a development of the Axel system, a flexible series of single-axle rovers meant to traverse high-risk terrain on planetary surfaces, such as steep slopes, boulder fields, and caverns — locations that existing rovers, such as Mars Curiosity, would find difficult or impossible to approach. 

DuAxel's Advantages:

To cover greater distances, two connected Axel Rovers are used: 

• DuAxel travels large distances by connecting two Axel rovers. 

• They divide in two when they approach a steep slope or cliff so that one tied Axel may rappel down the steep danger to reach otherwise inaccessible area while the other works as an anchor at the top of the slope. 

Tether that can be retracted: 

• The Axel rover can lower itself down practically any sort of terrain by reeling and unreeling its built-in rope. 

Greater Maneuverability: 

• The two-wheeled axle simply spins one of its wheels quicker than the other to turn. 

• The core cylinder between the wheels houses the sensors, actuators, electronics, power, and payload.

~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan

Find Jai on Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram

You may also want to read more about Space Exploration and Space Systems here.

References & Further Reading:

JPL Robotics: The Axel Rover System

Educational Resources:

Student Project: Design a Robotic Insect.

Educator Guide: Design a Robotic Insect.

LANDSAT-9: NASA's Latest Earth Observation Satellite In Orbit.

Landsat 9, a NASA satellite designed to monitor the Earth's land surface, successfully launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California at 2:12 p.m. EDT Monday, 27th Sept., 2021. 

Landsat 9 was launched from Vandenberg's Space Launch Complex 3E on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket as part of a cooperative mission with the United States Geological Survey (USGS). 

Around 83 minutes after launch, the Svalbard satellite-monitoring ground station in Norway received signals from the spacecraft. 

As it approaches its ultimate orbital height of 438 miles, Landsat 9 is operating as anticipated (705 kilometers). 

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said, "NASA utilizes the unique assets of our own unparalleled fleet, as well as the equipment of other countries, to study our own planet and its climatic systems." 

“Landsat 9 will take this historic and important worldwide initiative to the next level, with a 50-year data bank to build on. We are excited to collaborate with our colleagues at the USGS and the Department of the Interior on Landsat Next again, since we never stop striving to better understand our planet.” 

Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland said, "Today's successful launch is a major milestone in the nearly 50-year joint partnership between USGS and NASA, who have partnered for decades to collect valuable scientific information and use that data to shape policy with the utmost scientific integrity." 

Landsat 9 will offer data and images to assist make science-based choices on critical problems such as: 

1. water usage, 
2. wildfire effects, 
3. coral reef degradation, 
4. glacier and ice-shelf retreat, 
5. and tropical deforestation as the consequences of the climate crisis increase in the United States and across the world. 

In 1972, the first Landsat satellite was launched. 

Since then, NASA has maintained a Landsat satellite in orbit to gather pictures of the physical stuff that covers our planet's surface, as well as changes in land use. 

Researchers may use these pictures to track agricultural production, forest size and health, water quality, coral reef ecosystem health, and glacier movements, among other things. 

Karen St. Germain, head of NASA's Earth Science Division in Washington, stated, "The Landsat mission is unlike any other." 

“Landsat satellites have been orbiting our globe for almost 50 years, giving an unmatched record of how its surface has altered across timeframes ranging from days to decades. 

We've been able to offer continuous and timely data for customers ranging from farmers to resource managers and scientists because to our collaboration with the USGS. 

In a changing environment, this data may help us comprehend, forecast, and prepare for the future.”

In orbit, Landsat 9 joins its sister spacecraft, Landsat 8. 

Every eight days, the two satellites will work together to gather pictures covering the whole globe. 

“When it comes to monitoring our changing globe, Landsat 9 will be our new eyes in the sky,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's assistant administrator for science. 

“By collaborating with other Landsat satellites and our European Space Agency colleagues who run the Sentintel-2 satellites, we're obtaining a more complete view of Earth than ever before. 

We'll get observations of every given location on our globe every two days thanks to these satellites cooperating in space. 

This is critical for monitoring things like crop growth and assisting decision-makers in monitoring Earth's general health and natural resources.” 

The sensors on board Landsat 9 – the Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2) – measure 11 wavelengths of light reflected or radiated off Earth's surface, including visible and non-visible wavelengths. 

These sensors will record sights over a 115-mile span as the satellite circles (185 kilometers). 

In these pictures, each pixel represents a 98-foot (30-meter) square, about the size of a baseball infield. 

Resource managers will be able to identify most agricultural fields in the United States at that resolution. 

“Launches are always thrilling, and today was no exception,” NASA Landsat 9 project scientist Jeff Masek said. 

“However, the greatest part for me as a scientist will be when the satellite begins providing the data that people have been waiting for, further cementing Landsat's legendary reputation among data users.”

The USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, analyzes and stores data from the sensors, adding it to the five decades of Landsat data. 

Since its debut in 2008, Landsat pictures and associated data have received over 100 million downloads thanks to this strategy. 

The Landsat 9 mission is overseen by NASA. 

The TIRS-2 instrument was also developed and tested at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. 

The mission was launched by NASA's Launch Services Program, which is headquartered at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 

The mission will be operated by EROS, which will also handle the ground system and maintain the Landsat archive. 

The OLI-2 instrument was developed and tested by Ball Aerospace in Boulder, Colorado. 

The launch of Landsat 9 will be carried out by United Launch Alliance. 

The Landsat 9 satellite was constructed, fitted with sensors, and tested by Northrop Grumman in Gilbert, Arizona. 

For additional information about Landsat 9, go to:

www.nasa.gov/landsat

www.usgs.gov/landsat

~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan

You may also want to read more about space based systems here.

Meet VIPER, NASA's Lunar Ice Hunter Rover!

 

NASA chooses a Moon location for an ice-hunting rover. 

NASA is hoping that the robot will confirm the existence of water ice under the surface, which may be turned into rocket fuel for trips to Mars in the future. 

NASA said on Monday that in 2023, it will deploy an ice-seeking rover in the Nobile Crater, an area of the Moon's south pole. 

The space agency is hoping that the robot will confirm the existence of water ice under the surface, which may one day be turned into rocket fuel for trips to Mars and beyond. 

"Nobile Crater is an impact crater near the south pole that formed as a result of a collision with another smaller celestial objects," NASA's planetary science division director Lori Glaze told reporters. 

It's one of the coldest places in the solar system, and it's only been studied from afar using instruments from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. 

Glazer said, "The rover will get up up and personal with the lunar dirt, even digging several feet deep." The robot is known as the VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover). 

It has the proportions of a golf cart – five feet by five feet by eight feet (1.5 meters by 1.5 meters by 2.5 meters) – and resembles droids from Star Wars. 

It is 950 pounds in weight (430 kilograms). VIPER, unlike rovers on Mars, can be controlled in near real time because to its close proximity to Earth - just around 200,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) or 1.3 light seconds. 

The rover is also quicker, reaching a maximum speed of 0.5 mph (0.8 kph). 

VIPER is a solar-powered robot that has a 50-hour battery, can endure severe temperatures, and can "crab walk" sideways to keep its panels facing toward the Sun to keep charging. 

The VIPER crew aims to discover how frozen water got to the Moon in the first place, how it stayed frozen for billions of years, how it escapes, and where it goes now in terms of the mission's scientific objectives. 

Artemis is America's plan to return people to the Moon, and this mission is part of it. 

The first crewed mission is scheduled for 2024, although it will most likely take occur much later due to delays in many areas.

The ice-hunting Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) will land near the moon's south pole, just west of Nobile Crater (Sept. 20). 

VIPER will go to the moon in late 2023 on Griffin, a lander developed by Pittsburgh-based Astrobotic and launched atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. 

In a statement, Daniel Andrews, VIPER project manager at NASA's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, stated, "Selecting a landing location for VIPER is an exciting and significant choice for all of us." 

Andrews said, "Years of research have gone into assessing the arctic area VIPER will investigate." "VIPER is venturing into unknown terrain, guided by science, in order to test theories and disclose crucial data for future human space travel." 

VIPER is a key component of NASA's Artemis program, which seeks to create a long-term, sustainable human presence on and around the moon by the end of the next decade. 

According to NASA experts, achieving this objective would require significant utilization of lunar resources, particularly water ice. 

According to observations by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and other spacecraft, the moon has a lot of water ice, particularly towards its poles in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). 

VIPER is intended to validate such research by informing scientists about how much ice is really there and how accessible it is to humans. 

The Nobile site is 36 square miles in size (93 square kilometers). 

The solar-powered VIPER, which weighs 950 pounds (450 kilograms), will measure and describe the water ice under its wheels at various sites throughout Nobile, including PSRs, which are among the coldest places in the solar system. 

VIPER will collect samples from up to 3.3 feet (1 meter) down over the period of at least 100 Earth days, utilizing three spectrometers and a drill. 

"The data VIPER returns will provide lunar scientists around the world with more insight into our moon's cosmic origin, evolution, and history, and it will also help inform future Artemis missions to the moon and beyond by allowing us to better understand the lunar environment in these previously unexplored areas hundreds of thousands of miles away," Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's Science Mission Directorate, said. 

The VIPER team had chosen four candidate landing locations for the four-wheeled robot near the lunar south pole. 

VIPER project scientist Tony Colaprete of NASA Ames stated during a press briefing today that the other three were a region outside Haworth Crater, a ridgeline extending from Shackleton Crater, and a location near Shoemaker Crater. 

According to Colaprete, all four candidate locations are interesting and seem to be acceptable both scientifically and logistically. 

"Ultimately, it came down to the overall number of working days," he stated at a press conference today, adding that a "working day" is one during which the rover has enough sunlight to function while still being able to communicate with Earth. 

(VIPER's connection with its handlers will be direct; the robot will not utilize a relay satellite.) 

"To complete our mission objectives, we'll need at least 10 or so days," Colaprete added. "At Nobile, we get 40 or more, which is much more than any of these other locations." 

According to NASA officials, the entire cost of VIPER's mission will be about $660 million, including $433.5 million for mission development and operations and $226.5 million for the delivery contract with Astrobotic, which includes the cost of launch. 

NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program was used to sign the delivery contract. 

While VIPER will be NASA's first unmanned rover to land on the moon, it will not be the agency's first wheeled lunar vehicle of any kind: during the last three Apollo missions in 1971 and 1972, NASA deployed astronaut-driven moon buggies.

~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan 

You may also want to read more about Space Exploration, Space Missions and Systems here.